process fuel

Korf-oxyrefining fuel process — процесс Корф (подачи через заднюю стенку мартеновской печи кислорода и топлива под уровень металла через кислородно-топливные фурмы)

 

топливный элемент
Первичный элемент, в котором электрическая энергия вырабатывается за счет электрохимических реакций между активными веществами, непрерывно поступающими к электродам извне.
[ ГОСТ 15596-82]

EN

fuel cell
cell that can change chemical energy from continuously supplied reactants to electric energy by an electrochemical process
[IEV number 482-01-05]

fuel cell
a generator of electricity using chemical energy directly by ionisation and oxidation of the fuel
[IEV ref 602-01-33]

FR

pile à combustible, f
élément qui peut transformer l’énergie chimique, provenant de produits réactifs renouvelés continuellement, en énergie électrique par un processus électrochimique
[IEV number 482-01-05]

pile à combustible
générateur d'énergie électrique utilisant une transformation directe d'énergie chimique par ionisation et oxydation du combustible
[IEV ref 602-01-33]

Тематики

• источники тока химические

Классификация

>>>

EN

• fuel cell

DE

• Brennstoffelement
• Brennstoffzelle, f

FR

• pile à combustible, f

3.19 топливный элемент (fuel cell): Электрохимическое устройство, которое генерирует электричество путем преобразования топлива и окислителя без физического или химического расхода вещества электродов или электролита.

Источник: ГОСТ Р 54111.3-2011: Дорожные транспортные средства на топливных элементах. Требования техники безопасности. Часть 3. Защита людей от поражения электрическим током оригинал документа

10. Топливный элемент

Brennstoffelement

Первичный элемент, в котором электрическая энергия вырабатывается за счет электрохимических реакций между активными веществами, непрерывно поступающими к электродам извне

Источник: ГОСТ 15596-82: Источники тока химические. Термины и определения оригинал документа

fuel-oxygen scrap process — процесс плавки в кислородном конвертере с использованием кислородно-топливной горелки

fan-out stem — источник сигнала узла разветвления; см.fan-out source, fanout stem

fuel oxygen scrap — лом, расплавляемый кислородно-топливными горелками

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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His father was a mason and brickmaker but, anxious to improve himself, Cort set up in London in 1765 as a navy agent, said to have been a profitable business. He recognized that, at that time, the conversion of pig iron to malleable or wrought iron, which was needed in increasing quantities as developments in industry and mechanical engineering gathered pace, presented a bottleneck in the ironmaking process. The finery hearth was still in use, slow and inefficient and requiring the scarce charcoal as fuel. To tackle this problem, Cort gave up his business and acquired a furnace and slitting mill at Fontley, near Fareham in Hampshire. In 1784 he patented his puddling process, by which molten pig iron on the bed of a reverberatory furnace was stirred with an iron bar and, by the action of the flame and the oxygen in the air, the carbon in the pig iron was oxidized, leaving nearly pure iron, which could be forged to remove slag. In this type of furnace, the fuel and the molten iron were separated, so that the cheaper coal could be used as fuel. It was the stirring action with the iron bar that gave the name "puddling" to the process. Others had realized the problem and reached a similar solution, notably the brothers Thomas and George Cranage, but only Cort succeeded in developing a commercially viable process. The laborious hammering of the ball of iron thus produced was much reduced by an invention of the previous year, 1783. This too was patented. The iron was passed between grooved rollers to form it into bars. Cort entered into an agreement with Samuel Jellico to set up an ironworks at Gosport to exploit his inventions. Samuel's father Adam, Deputy Paymaster of the Navy, advanced capital for this venture, Cort having expended much of his own resources in the experimental work that preceded his inventions. However, it transpired that Jellico senior had, unknown to Cort, used public money to advance the capital; the Admiralty acted to recover the money and Cort lost heavily, including the benefits from his patents. Rival ironmasters were quick to pillage the patents. In 1790, and again the following year, Cort offered unsuccessfully to work for the military. Finally, in 1794, at the instigation of the Prime Minister, William Pitt the Younger, Cort was paid a pension of £200 per year in recognition of the value of his improvements in the technology of ironmaking, although this was reduced by deductions to £160. After his death, the pension to his widow was halved, while some of his children received a pittance. Without the advances made by Cort, however, the iron trade could not have met the rapidly increasing demand for iron during the industrial revolution.

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SUBJECT AREA: Electricity, Metallurgy, Public utilities, Telecommunications

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Born Carl Wilhelm, he attended craft schools in Lübeck and Magdeburg, followed by an intensive course in natural science at Göttingen as a pupil of Weber. At the age of 19 Siemens travelled to England and sold an electroplating process developed by his brother Werner Siemens to Richard Elkington, who was already established in the plating business. From 1843 to 1844 he obtained practical experience in the Magdeburg works of Count Stolburg. He settled in England in 1844 and later assumed British nationality, but maintained close contact with his brother Werner, who in 1847 had co-founded the firm Siemens \& Halske in Berlin to manufacture telegraphic equipment. William began to develop his regenerative principle of waste-heat recovery and in 1856 his brother Frederick (1826–1904) took out a British patent for heat regeneration, by which hot waste gases were passed through a honeycomb of fire-bricks. When they became hot, the gases were switched to a second mass of fire-bricks and incoming air and fuel gas were led through the hot bricks. By alternating the two gas flows, high temperatures could be reached and considerable fuel economies achieved. By 1861 the two brothers had incorporated producer gas fuel, made by gasifying low-grade coal.

Heat regeneration was first applied in ironmaking by Cowper in 1857 for heating the air blast in blast furnaces. The first regenerative furnace was set up in Birmingham in 1860 for glassmaking. The first such furnace for making steel was developed in France by Pierre Martin and his father, Emile, in 1863. Siemens found British steelmakers reluctant to adopt the principle so in 1866 he rented a small works in Birmingham to develop his open-hearth steelmaking furnace, which he patented the following year. The process gradually made headway; as well as achieving high temperatures and saving fuel, it was slower than Bessemer's process, permitting greater control over the content of the steel. By 1900 the tonnage of open-hearth steel exceeded that produced by the Bessemer process.

In 1872 Siemens played a major part in founding the Society of Telegraph Engineers (from which the Institution of Electrical Engineers evolved), serving as its first President. He became President for the second time in 1878. He built a cable works at Charlton, London, where the cable could be loaded directly into the holds of ships moored on the Thames. In 1873, together with William Froude, a British shipbuilder, he designed the Faraday, the first specialized vessel for Atlantic cable laying. The successful laying of a cable from Europe to the United States was completed in 1875, and a further five transatlantic cables were laid by the Faraday over the following decade.

The Siemens factory in Charlton also supplied equipment for some of the earliest electric-lighting installations in London, including the British Museum in 1879 and the Savoy Theatre in 1882, the first theatre in Britain to be fully illuminated by electricity. The pioneer electric-tramway system of 1883 at Portrush, Northern Ireland, was an opportunity for the Siemens company to demonstrate its equipment.

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indicating, indicative.

1 indicator, pointer, arrow, gauge.

2 indicator, marker, predictor.

3 flag, tag.

4 indicant.

5 puntero.

* * *

► adjetivo

1 (gen) which indicates, indicating

► nombre masculino

1 (gen) indicator; (señal de tráfico) sign, traffic sign, road sign; (con aguja, escala) gauge

■ el indicador de la gasolina no funciona the petrol gauge doesn't work

\

indicador económico economic indicator

* * *

1) gauge

2) indicator

* * *

2. SM

1) (=señal) sign

2) (Téc) (=aparato) gauge, gage (EEUU); (=aguja) pointer

3) (Econ) indicator; (Bolsa) index

4) (Inform) flag

* * *

- dora adjetivo warning

1) (Auto)

a) ( señal de tráfico) sign

b) ( dispositivo) gauge

- indicador de dirección

- indicador de velocidad

2) (Inf) flag

* * *

= guide card, indicator, measure, pointer, predictor, sign, tell-tale [telltale], tracing, marker, metric, indicant, tracer, bellwether.

Ex. Guide cards help to break up the classified sequence and direct the user to the required class.

Ex. To indicate from which field a given work was Cuttered, these second indicators could be further redefined = Para indicar de qué campo se le había asignado la marca de Cutter a una obra, se podían delimitar aún más estos segundos indicadores.

Ex. One measure of a library's market is the number of reference questions dealt with at the reference desk or through electronic reference.

Ex. Seven pointers follow which are useful for discriminating between documents to be abstracted and those not worth abstracting.

Ex. If I'm not mistaken the military decided some time ago that IQ tests were a poor predictor of leadership qualities.

Ex. Standard advertising mechanisms, such as spots on radio and television, signs in buses and on billboards, and widely disseminated leaflets are used if money is available.

Ex. The tell-tale signs that mark a KWOC index include in a KWOC index all of the words that appear as headings have been extracted from titles.

Ex. The word tracing is used to denote the identification within an authority entry of all variant and related headings from which references have been made to the authority heading itself.

Ex. Extraction is carried out with the help of a dictionary of formal text characteristics ( markers, connectors, indicators).

Ex. The author outlines quantitative metrics that measure information technology productivity from the perspective of the overall rate of return to the organization.

Ex. Productivity, it is speculated, may be a good indicant of academic socialization.

Ex. The article is entitled 'Drivers and tracers of business process changes'.

Ex. Scientists have long suspected amphibians are good bellwethers for impending alterations in biodiversity during rapid climate change.

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* indicador bibliométrico = bibliometric indicator.

* indicador cientométrico = scientometric indicator.

* indicador cualitativo = qualitative indicator.

* indicador cuantitativo = quantitative indicator.

* indicador de campo = field indicator.

* indicador de citas = citation indicator.

* indicador de clasificación = classificatory indicator.

* indicador de comienzo de subcampo = delimiter sign.

* indicador de contenido = content designator.

* indicador de dirección = signpost.

* indicador de eficacia = performance indicator, effectiveness indicator.

* indicador de estar listo = screen prompt.

* indicador de faceta = facet indicator.

* indicador de función = operator, role indicator.

* indicador de impacto = impact indicator.

* indicador de la eficiencia = efficiency indicator.

* indicador del trabajo realizado = workload indicator.

* indicador de producción = output indicator.

* indicador de relación = relation indicator, relational operator, role operator.

* indicador de rendimiento = benchmark, performance indicator, performance measure, output measure.

* indicador de resultados = outcome indicator.

* indicadores de eficacia = performance criteria.

* indicadores de rendimiento = performance criteria, benchmark figures.

* número indicador de materia = SIN, Subject Indicator Number.

* señal indicadora = signpost.

* * *

- dora adjetivo warning

1) (Auto)

a) ( señal de tráfico) sign

b) ( dispositivo) gauge

- indicador de dirección

- indicador de velocidad

2) (Inf) flag

* * *

* * *

warning

señal indicadora de peligro danger o warning sign

A ( Auto)

1 (señal de tráfico) sign

2 (dispositivo) gauge

indicador del aceite oil pressure gauge

indicador del nivel de la gasolina fuel gauge

indicador de la velocidad del viento wind speed indicator

indicator

speedometer

B ( Econ) indicator

C ( Inf) flag

* * *

a) tb

◊ indicador de dirección indicator

b) ( señal de tráfico) sign

c) (del aceite, la gasolina) gauge;

◊ indicador de velocidad speedometer

* * *

♦ adj

indicating;

siga las flechas indicadoras follow the arrows;

encontrarás un cartel indicador you'll find a sign showing the way

♦ nm

1. [signo] indicator;

los principales indicadores bursátiles the main stock market indicators;

ese fallo es un indicador de la poca calidad del producto that fault shows the poor quality of the product

2.

3. Tec gauge, meter

indicador de nivel de gasolina fuel gauge, Br petrol gauge;

indicador de velocidad speedometer

* * *

m indicator

* * *

indicador nm

1) : gauge, dial, meter

2) : indicator

indicadores económicos: economic indicators

* * *

indicador n (indicio) indicator

 

КОРФ-процесс
Мартен. процесс, включ. продувку жидкого расплава топливно-кислородной смесью с помощью фурм, вводимых через заднюю стенку ниже уровня (на 300—400 мм) раздела шлак-металл. Обычно по центральному каналу фурм подают кислород, по наружному — защитный газ. Применение глубинной продувки интенсифицирует перемешивание ванны, тепло- и массообменные процессы, а также улучшает условия шлакообраз., увеличивает степень использования кислорода, снижает окисленность ванны и уменьшает пылеобразование. По сравн. с продувкой металла кислородом сверху, через сводовые фурмы, глубинная продувка обеспечивает повышение выхода годного на 1-2 %. Но процесс глубинной продувки не получил широкого распространения в России в основном из-за низкой стойкости задней стенки печи и фурм.
[ http://metaltrade.ru/abc/a.htm]

Тематики

• металлургия в целом

EN

• Korf Oxy Refining Fuel process
• KORF process

SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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Dudley was the fourth natural son of Edward Sutton, fifth Baron Dudley. In 1619 he was summoned from Balliol College, Oxford, to superintend his father's ironworks at Pensnet in Worcestershire. There had long been concern at the destruction of the forests in order to make charcoal for the smelting of iron ore, and unsuccessful attempts had been made to substitute coal as a fuel. Finding that charcoal was in short supply and coal plentiful near Pensnet, Dudley was stimulated by these attempts to try the process for himself. He claimed to have made good, marketable iron and in 1621 his father obtained a patent from the King to protect his process for thirty-one years. After a serious flood, Dudley moved to Staffordshire and continued his efforts there. In 1639 he was granted a further patent for making iron with coal. Although he probably made some samples of good iron, more by luck than judgement, it is hardly possible that he achieved consistent success. He blamed this on the machinations of other ironmasters. The day that King Charles II landed in England to assume his throne', Dudley petitioned him to renew his patents, but he was refused and he ceased to promote his invention. In 1665, however, he published his celebrated book Metallum Martis, Iron Made with Pit-Coaky Sea-Coale…. In this he described his efforts in general terms, but neither there nor in his patents does he give any technical details of his methods. He implied the use of slack or small coal from the Staffordshire Thick or Ten Yard coal, but this has a sulphur content that would have rendered the iron unusable; in addition, this coal would not have been suitable for converting to coke in order to remove the sulphur. Nevertheless, Dudley recognized the need to change from charcoal to coal as a fuel for iron smelting and drew attention to it, even though he himself achieved little success.

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SUBJECT AREA: Metallurgy

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The most valuable part of Bessemer's education took place in the workshop of his inventor father. At the age of only 17 he went to London to seek his fortune and set himself up in the trade of casting art works in white metal. He went on to the embossing of metals and other materials and this led to his first major invention, whereby a date was incorporated in the die for embossing seals, thus preventing the wholesale forgeries that had previously been committed. For this, a grateful Government promised Bessemer a paid position, a promise that was never kept; recognition came only in 1879 with a belated knighthood. Bessemer turned to other inventions, mainly in metalworking, including a process for making bronze powder and gold paint. After he had overcome technical problems, the process became highly profitable, earning him a considerable income during the forty years it was in use.

The Crimean War presented inventors such as Bessemer with a challenge when weaknesses in the iron used to make the cannon became apparent. In 1856, at his Baxter House premises in St Paneras, London, he tried fusing cast iron with steel. Noticing the effect of an air current on the molten mixture, he constructed a reaction vessel or converter in which air was blown through molten cast iron. There was a vigorous reaction which nearly burned the house down, and Bessemer found the iron to be almost completely decarburized, without the slag threads always present in wrought iron. Bessemer had in fact invented not only a new process but a new material, mild steel. His paper "On the manufacture of malleable iron and steel without fuel" at the British Association meeting in Cheltenham later that year created a stir. Bessemer was courted by ironmasters to license the process. However, success was short-lived, for they found that phosphorus in the original iron ore passed into the metal and rendered it useless. By chance, Bessemer had used in his trials pig-iron, derived from haematite, a phosphorus-free ore. Bessemer tried hard to overcome the problem, but lacking chemical knowledge he resigned himself to limiting his process to this kind of pig-iron. This limitation was removed in 1879 by Sidney Gilchrist Thomas, who substituted a chemically basic lining in the converter in place of the acid lining used by Bessemer. This reacted with the phosphorus to form a substance that could be tapped off with the slag, leaving the steel free from this harmful element. Even so, the new material had begun to be applied in engineering, especially for railways. The open-hearth process developed by Siemens and the Martin brothers complemented rather than competed with Bessemer steel. The widespread use of the two processes had a revolutionary effect on mechanical and structural engineering and earned Bessemer around £1 million in royalties before the patents expired.

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•

A gas welding process wherein (or in which) the welding heat is obtained from...

* * *

 For steam environments in which the level of contaminants is properly controlled, these problems should not be encountered by the turbine operator.

 A staged combustion process was thus adopted wherein all the fuel is partially reacted in the fuel-rich primary zone.

(adj.) = in the long term, over the long term, long-range, in the long run, long-term, over the long run, over the long haul, long-run, in the far term, far-term

Ex. For a scheme to be successfull in the long term it is vital that there should be an organisational structure to support the scheme.

Ex. This project ought to develop over the long term from a system designed to support the exchange of entries in micro-print to a fully automated network for the processing of records.

Ex. In September 1973, the University of Washington initiated implementation of a formal long-range planing process for the total university system.

Ex. Ostensibly, the maneuver was accomplished to curb patronage abuses and make it easier to dismiss deadwood employees in the long run.

Ex. The use of agents is necessary but not ideal, because an agent often represents rival concerns, and aims for a quick turnover rather than long-term profitability.

Ex. Some feel that these sessions can be 'self-defeating over the long run because they are based on a reward-punishment psychology that serves to intensify the pressure on the individual'.

Ex. But over the long haul you'll just find that your data is easier and cheaper to get at if you use XML.

Ex. Findings indicate that the short-run success of methadone programs does not automatically translate into long-run abstinence.

Ex. In the far term novel techniques are being developed to remove carbon dioxide from fuel gas or flue gas from energy conversion systems.

Ex. These processes can be viewed as near-term and far-term.

* * *

saving.

ahorros savings

1^st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: ahorrar.

* * *

► nombre masculino

1 saving

■ me supone un ahorro de 60 euros al mes it represents a saving of 60 euros a month

2 (cualidad) thrift

► nombre masculino plural ahorros

1 savings

■ tengo unos ahorros I have some savings

\

caja de ahorros savings bank

* * *

* * *

1) (=acto) [de dinero, energía, trabajo] saving

2) pl ahorros (=dinero) savings

3) (=cualidad) thrift

* * *

a) ( acción) saving

b) ahorros masculino plural ( cantidad) savings (pl)

* * *

= economy [economies, pl.], saving, cost saving [cost-saving], thrift, thriftiness.

Ex. In the interest of economy, and in order to avoid an overcomplex catalogue these rules recommend selective use of added entries.

Ex. Instead, a large scale saving of index entries is achieved by producing a general or blanket reference in some such form as the following: DICTIONARIES See names of individual subjects.

Ex. For many years, we have used the new technology to tinker with the existing system, to achieve cost savings in the backroom processes, and to produce paper products more cheaply and rapidly.

Ex. With his interest in the process of making something, the craftsman embodies the traditional work ethic, with his respect for people and his concern for quality and thrift.

Ex. Bubble and squeak is a triumph of thriftiness in that it uses leftover vegetables and meat.

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* ahorro de combustible = fuel saving.

* ahorro de dinero = savings in money.

* ahorro de energía = energy conservation, energy saving, savings in energy.

* ahorro de esfuerzo = savings in energy, savings in effort.

* ahorro de espacio = economy of space.

* ahorro de gastos = savings in costs.

* ahorro de personal = staff saving.

* ahorro de tiempo = time-saving [timesaving], economy of time, savings in time.

* ahorro energético = energy saving.

* ahorro en los costes = savings in costs.

* ahorros = savings, nest egg.

* ahorros considerables = economies of scale, scale economies.

* ahorros de toda la vida = life-time savings, life savings.

* ahorros de toda una vida = life savings.

* banco de ahorros mutualista = mutual savings bank.

* banco de ahorros mutuos = mutual savings bank.

* caja de ahorros = savings bank.

* campaña de ahorro = economy drive.

* cartilla de ahorros = passbook.

* cuenta de ahorro(s) = deposit account, savings account.

* de alto ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* de gran ahorro energético = energy-saving.

* echar mano a los ahorros = dip into + savings.

* estrategia de ahorro = saver.

* libreta de ahorros = passbook.

* medio de ahorro = economy measure.

* modo de ahorro de energía = power save mode.

* persona con ahorros = saver.

* * *

a) ( acción) saving

b) ahorros masculino plural ( cantidad) savings (pl)

* * *

* * *

1 (acción) saving

medidas para fomentar el ahorro measures to encourage saving

supone un gran ahorro de tiempo it saves a lot of time

le supuso un ahorro del 15% it saved him 15%, it meant a saving of 15%

2 ahorros mpl (cantidad) savings (pl)

tengo unos ahorros para cuando me jubile I have some money set aside o put by o I have some savings for when I retire

* * *

1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

a) ‹ dinero› to save (oneself)

b) ( evitarse) ‹molestia/viaje› to save oneself

a) ( acción) saving

◊ ahorros sustantivo masculino plural ( cantidad) savings (pl)

* * *

ahorro nm

1. [gasto menor] saving;

esta medida supone un ahorro de varios millones this measure means a saving of several millions;

medidas de ahorro energético energy-saving measures;

una campaña para fomentar el ahorro a campaign encouraging people to save;

este sistema es un ahorro de tiempo this system saves (you) time o is a time-saver

2.

* * *

1 saving;

ahorro energético, ahorro de energía energy saving

ahorros pl savings pl ;

caja de ahorros savings bank

* * *

ahorro nm

: saving

cuenta de ahorros: savings account

* * *

ahorro n saving

1 to push forward, to impel, to move forward, to push ahead.

Ella empuja hacia adelante el auto She pushes the car forward.

2 to make one prosper.

Hace avanzar perseverar en todo It makes oneself move ahead to perseverate.

* * *

(v.) = nudge + Nombre + forward, push + the frontiers of, nudge + Nombre + along, nudge + Nombre + into, push + the boundaries of

Ex. A concern of school librarians must be finding ways to nudge the reform process forward.

Ex. A dynamic tension exists between the need for coordinated research and the continuation of individual efforts to push the frontiers of polar science.

Ex. The author suggests what type of instruction might nudge the child along in learning.

Ex. It may serve as a postmodern catalyst nudging American regional studies into the next century.

Ex. The competition served as a focal point for so many bright young minds from across the world to focus on pushing the boundaries of fuel efficiency.

* * *